Factores prenatales y salud de por vida
Aquí presentamos algunos ejemplos que describen las consecuencias a largo plazo de los eventos prenatales. No existe ningún reemplazo, a ninguna edad, para una dieta balanceada y evitar la exposición a sustancias perjudiciales.
En el mismo estudio también se reveló un aumento de casi el doble del riesgo de asma en niños de cincos años cuyas madres tenían el consumo más bajo de cinc durante el embarazo.13
Se asocia el bajo consumo de vitamina D durante el embarazo a un aumento de los síntomas de respiración sibilante (pero no asma) en niños de cinco años, independientemente de su consumo de vitamina D después del nacimiento.14
Los altos niveles de estrés en meses posteriores de embarazo no se tradujeron en mayores riesgos en los niños objetos de estudio.
La exposición prenatal al tabaco también se asocia a un mayor riesgo de obesidad a los 3,20 4½,21 5 a 722 y 33 años.23 Este efecto parece estar relacionado con la cantidad de tabaco consumido: cuanto más fuma una mujer embarazada, mayor es el riesgo de obesidad en sus hijos.24
Otras complicaciones que se han informado incluyen: un riesgo dos a seis veces mayor de síndrome de muerte súbita infantil (SMIS)25 y un aumento del riesgo de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH),26 diabetes no insulinodependiente27 y experimentación con el tabaco durante la infancia.28 El riesgo de dependencia a la nicotina en los adultos también aumenta.29
En forma adicional, la exposición prenatal al tabaco también se asocia a un aumento del riesgo de trastorno de conducta,30 una colección de discapacidades emocionales y de comportamiento.
Se conoce menos que hay un aumento de riesgo de desarrollar TDAH,32 un trastorno del comportamiento,33 y retraso del crecimiento intrauterino.34 La exposición prenatal al alcohol también se asocia a un aumento de riesgo de consumo de alcohol durante la adolescencia,35 un riesgo más elevado de dependencia al alcohol en la adultez temprana36 y un nivel inferior de desempeño académico.37 El consumo excesivo de alcohol durante el embarazo se asocia con nacimientos muy prematuros.38
Notas al pie
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